Education Reform Act 1988 (c. 40)

(The document as of February, 2008)

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(a) that the money or that part of it was derived or (as the case may be) those investments were acquired otherwise than from grants paid by him under this Chapter; and

(b) that it ought to be paid, or the investments ought to be transferred, to a local education authority or to some other person;

he may require the governing body to pay that money, or an amount equal to the part in question, or to transfer those investments, to such local education authority or other person as he may specify, either beneficially or to be held on trust for such purposes as he may specify.

(3) Without prejudice to the power of the Secretary of State under subsection (2) above, any payment of money or transfer of investments under this section shall be free of any trusts on which the money or investments are held by the governing body before the payment or transfer is made.

(4) This section applies to any investment within the meaning of the [1986 c. 60.] Financial Services Act 1986 which falls within--

(a) any of paragraphs 1 to 6 of Schedule 1 to that Act; or

(b) paragraph 11 of that Schedule, so far as referring to investments falling within any paragraph of that Schedule mentioned in paragraph (a) above.

(5) References in subsection (4) above to any paragraphs of Schedule 1 to that Act include references to those paragraphs as amended by any order under section 2 of that Act which amends those paragraphs for the purposes of all the provisions of that Act.

97 Discharge, transfer and termination of liabilities, etc

(1) Subsection (2) below applies where in the case of any grant-maintained school conducted or formerly conducted by a governing body in liquidation an order is made by virtue of section 95(2) of this Act vesting the school premises in any persons proposing to establish an independent school on those premises ("W").

(2) Where this subsection applies, an order under section 94 of this Act may do either or both of the following things, that is to say--

(a) require the new owners to discharge any liabilities of the governing body in respect of redundancy payments; and

(b) require an amount equal to the whole or any part of the amount required for--

(i) discharging any liabilities of the governing body other than liabilities required by virtue of paragraph (a) above to be discharged by the new owners; and

(ii) meeting the costs of the winding up under section 94 of this Act;

to be deducted from the consideration otherwise payable by virtue of section 95 of this Act to the local education authority concerned and paid by the new owners to the Secretary of State.

(3) This subsection applies where in the case of any grant-maintained school conducted or formerly conducted by a governing body in liquidation proposals under section 13 of the 1980 Act that a school proposed to be established on the school premises should be maintained by a local education authority as a voluntary school have been approved.

(4) Where in any case to which subsection (3) above applies the school was an aided or special agreement school immediately before it became a grant-maintained school--

(a) if the Secretary of State has directed that the proposed school shall be an aided school, any section 105 loan liabilities of the governing body shall on the dissolution date be transferred to and become liabilities of the temporary governing body of the new school (subject to any variation of the terms applicable in relation to the loans in question immediately before that date that may be agreed between the Secretary of State and that governing body); and

(b) in any other case, any such liabilities shall be terminated on the dissolution date.

(5) Where--

(a) a school is established in pursuance of any proposals under section 13 of the 1980 Act on the premises of a discontinued grant-maintained school; and

(b) any liabilities of the governing body of that grant-maintained school have been terminated under subsection (4)(b) above;

the amount of those liabilities shall be treated for the purposes of section 14 of the 1944 Act (restrictions on discontinuance of voluntary schools) as expenditure incurred by the Secretary of State (otherwise than in connection with repairs) in respect of the premises of the new school.

(6) Where in any case to which subsection (3) above applies the school premises are vested in any persons by an order made by virtue of section 95(1) of this Act, an order under section 94 of this Act may require an amount equal to the whole or any part of the amount required for discharging any liabilities of the governing body and meeting the costs of the winding up to be deducted from the consideration otherwise payable by virtue of section 95 of this Act to the local education authority concerned and paid by the persons in whom the premises are so vested to the Secretary of State.

(7) Where in the case of any grant-maintained school conducted or formerly conducted by a governing body in liquidation the premises of the school are vested by an order made by virtue of section 95(4) of this Act in a local education authority for the purposes of a new county school, an order under section 94 of this Act may require an amount equal to the amount of any section 105 loan liabilities of the governing body to be deducted from the consideration otherwise payable by virtue of section 95 of this Act to the persons from whom the premises are transferred and paid by the authority to the Secretary of State.

(8) Where in the case of any grant-maintained school conducted or formerly conducted by a governing body in liquidation--

(a) the premises of the school--

(i) are vested by an order made by virtue of section 95(4) of this Act in a local education authority for the purposes of a new county school;

(ii) are vested beneficially in such an authority by an order made by virtue of section 95(7) and (8) of this Act; or

(iii) vest in such an authority by virtue of section 95(6) of this Act on the dissolution date; and

(b) any person subsequently acquires the premises or any part of them from that authority (whether compulsorily or otherwise);

the Secretary of State may require the authority to pay to him the whole or any part of the compensation or purchase money paid in respect of the acquisition in or towards repayment of any expenditure incurred by him in making grants for the purpose of discharging any liabilities of the governing body and meeting the costs of the winding up.

98 Capital expenditure: former voluntary schools

(1) This section applies where a grant-maintained school conducted or formerly conducted by a governing body in liquidation was a voluntary school immediately before it became a grant-maintained school.

(2) Subsection (3) below applies where in any such case--

(a) an order is made by virtue of section 95(4) of this Act vesting the premises of the school in a local education authority for the purposes of a new county school; or

(b) no such order has been made and no proposals have been approved under section 13 of the 1980 Act that a school proposed to be established on the school premises should be maintained by a local education authority as a voluntary school;

provided that, where paragraph (b) above applies, the Secretary of State is satisfied that no proposals for the establishment on those premises of a new county school are likely to be published, and no such proposals under section 13 are likely to be published or approved, before the date he proposes to appoint as the dissolution date.

(3) Where this subsection applies, an order under section 94 of this Act shall determine--

(a) the amount of any expenditure incurred by the Secretary of State in paying capital grant to the governing body of the school ("W");

(b) the amount of any expenditure incurred by him, otherwise than in connection with repairs, in respect of any premises used for the purposes of the school before it became a grant-maintained school ("W"); and

(c) an amount representing the appropriate share in the value of the school premises of the former maintaining authority ("W").

For the purposes of paragraph (c) above the appropriate share of a local education authority in the value of any school premises is such part of the value of those premises as the Secretary of State determines to be appropriate having regard to the extent to which those premises were provided at the expense of the local education authority concerned or a former authority.

(4) Subject to subsection (7) below, in a case within subsection (2)(a) above, an order under section 94 of this Act may--

(a) require an amount equal to the whole or any part of--

(i) the capital grant amount; and

(ii) the prior expenditure amount;

to be deducted from the consideration otherwise payable by virtue of section 95 of this Act to the persons from whom the premises are transferred and paid by the local education authority concerned to the Secretary of State; and

(b) either--

(i) where the local education authority concerned are the former maintaining authority, provide for the consideration otherwise so payable to be reduced by an amount equal to the locally funded amount; or

(ii) in any other case, require an amount equal to the locally funded amount to be deducted from that consideration and paid by the local education authority concerned to the former maintaining authority.

(5) Subject to subsection (7) below, in a case within subsection (2)(b) above, an order under section 94 of this Act may require any persons in whom the school premises are vested--

(a) to pay to the Secretary of State an amount equal to the whole or any part of--

(i) the capital grant amount; and

(ii) the prior expenditure amount; and

(b) to pay to the former maintaining authority an amount equal to the locally funded amount.

(6) Subject to subsection (7) below, where in a case within subsection (2)(b) above--

(a) no requirement has been imposed by virtue of subsection (5) above; and

(b) any person acquires the school premises or any part of them (whether compulsorily or otherwise) from the persons in whom they were vested immediately before an order was made under section 94 of this Act (or, where more than one such order has been made, before the first of them) or their successors;

the Secretary of State may impose on the persons from whom the school premises were acquired any requirement that could have been imposed by virtue of subsection (5) above.

(7) No provision may be made in an order under section 94 of this Act by virtue of subsection (4) or (5) above, and no requirement may be imposed by virtue of subsection (6) above, in any case where--

(a) that section applies in relation to the school in question by virtue of the fact that the Secretary of State has given notice to the governing body of the school specifying a date on which he intends to cease to maintain the school; and

(b) the notice was given in accordance with section 93(2) of this Act.

(8) Where in any case to which this section applies a school is established in pursuance of any proposals under section 13 of the 1980 Act on the premises of the grant-maintained school, any capital expenditure incurred by the Secretary of State in relation to the grant-maintained school shall for the purposes of section 14 of the 1944 Act (restrictions on discontinuance of voluntary schools) be treated (if it would not otherwise be so) as expenditure so incurred (otherwise than in connection with repairs) in respect of the premises of the new school.

(9) In subsection (8) above "capital expenditure" means any such expenditure as is mentioned in subsection (3)(a) or (b) above.

99 Capital expenditure: former county schools

(1) This section applies where--

(a) a grant-maintained school conducted or formerly conducted by a governing body in liquidation was a county school immediately before it became a grant-maintained school; and

(b) the Secretary of State has incurred any expenditure in paying capital grant to the governing body of the school ("W").

(2) Where in any case to which this section applies--

(a) an order is made by virtue of section 95(1) of this Act vesting the school premises in any persons to be held on trust for the purposes of a proposed voluntary school; and

(b) the Secretary of State has directed that the proposed school shall be an aided school;

an order under section 94 of this Act may provide for the consideration otherwise payable by virtue of section 95 to the local education authority concerned to be reduced by an amount equal to the whole or any part of the capital grant expenditure.

(3) Any reduction by virtue of subsection (2) above shall be disregarded in determining the amount of any sums expended by the persons in whom the school premises are vested by the order on the provision of a site for the new school or of the school buildings; but an amount equal to the amount of that reduction shall be treated as having been paid by the Secretary of State to the governing body of the new school--

(a) as to so much of it as does not exceed 85 per cent. of the amount of the sums so expended, by way of a grant under section 1(2)(a) of the [1967 c. 3.] Education Act 1967; and

(b) as to the balance (if any), by way of a loan made under section 105 of the 1944 Act on such terms as the Secretary of State may specify.

(4) Where in any case to which this section applies--

(a) an order is made as mentioned in subsection (2)(a) above; but

(b) no direction that the proposed school shall be an aided school has been given before the dissolution date;

subsection (5) below shall apply in relation to the capital grant expenditure.

(5) Where this subsection applies the capital grant expenditure shall for the purposes of section 14 of the 1944 Act (restrictions on discontinuance of voluntary schools) be treated (if it would not otherwise be so) as expenditure incurred by the Secretary of State (otherwise than in connection with repairs) in respect of the premises of the new school.

(6) Where in any case to which this section applies an order is made by virtue of section 95(2) of this Act vesting the school premises in any persons proposing to establish an independent school on those premises, an order under section 94 of this Act may require an amount equal to the whole or any part of the capital grant expenditure to be deducted from the consideration otherwise payable by virtue of section 95 to the local education authority concerned and paid by the persons in whom the property is so vested to the Secretary of State.

(7) Where in any case to which this section applies--

(a) the school premises--

(i) are vested beneficially in a local education authority by an order made by virtue of section 95(7) and (8) of this Act; or

(ii) vest in such an authority by virtue of section 95(6) of this Act on the dissolution date; and

(b) any person subsequently acquires the premises or any part of them from that authority (whether compulsorily or otherwise);

the Secretary of State may require the authority to pay to him the whole or any part of the consideration or purchase money paid in respect of the acquisition in or towards repayment of the capital grant expenditure.

Miscellaneous and supplementary

100 Provision of benefits and services for pupils by local education authorities

(1) Where--

(a) a local education authority are under a duty, or have power (whether by virtue of this section or otherwise), to provide any benefits or services for pupils; and

(b) the duty is to be performed, or the power may be exercised, both in relation to pupils at schools maintained by a local education authority and in relation to pupils at grant-maintained schools;

the authority shall in performing the duty, or exercising the power, treat pupils at grant-maintained schools no less favourably (whether as to the benefits or services provided or as to the terms on which they are provided) than pupils at schools maintained by a local education authority.

(2) In section 50(1) of the 1944 Act (power of local education authority to provide board and lodging for pupils) after the words "voluntary school" there shall be inserted the words "grant-maintained school".

(3) In section 55 of the 1944 Act (provision of transport and other facilities), after subsection (3) there shall be inserted the following subsection--

" (4) Arrangements made by a local education authority under subsection (1) above shall make provision for pupils at grant-maintained schools which is no less favourable than the provision made in pursuance of the arrangements for pupils at schools maintained by a local education authority. "

This subsection is without prejudice to the generality of subsection (1) above.

(4) In section 5 of the [1948 c. 40.] Education (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1948 (power of local education authority to provide clothing for pupils)--

(a) in subsection (1), the words "or at a grant-maintained school" shall be inserted at the end of paragraphs (a) and (c); and

(b) the words "or a grant-maintained school" shall be inserted at the end of subsection (2)(a), after the words "maintained by them" in subsection (3)(a) and after the words "special school" in subsection (4).

101 Application of proceeds of disposal of premises

(1) Where--

(a) the Secretary of State pays capital grant in respect of any transfer of a grant-maintained school to a new site authorised under section 91 of this Act; and

(b) the governing body or any trustees of the school possess, or are or may become entitled to, any sum representing the proceeds of disposal of other premises which have been used for the purposes of the school;

the governing body or (as the case may be) the trustees or their successors shall pay to the Secretary of State the whole of that sum, if it is equal to or less than the amount of the capital grant, and otherwise so much of it as is required to repay that amount.

Any sum so paid shall, in a case where any interest in the new site has vested in any trustees of the school, be treated for the purposes of section 14 of the [1841 c. 38.] Schools Sites Act 1841 (sale or exchange of land held on trust for the purposes of a school) as a sum applied in the purchase of a site for the school.

(2) Subject to subsection (4) below, where the governing body of any grant-maintained school apply to the Secretary of State for his consent to the disposal of--

(a) any premises transferred to the governing body under section 74 of this Act from the former maintaining authority; or

(b) any premises acquired wholly or partly from the proceeds of the disposal of any premises so transferred or of any premises so acquired;

he may require the premises or any part of the premises to be transferred to that authority, subject to the payment by that authority of such sum by way of consideration (if any) as he determines to be appropriate.

(3) Subject to subsection (4) below, where the governing body dispose of any premises within subsection (2)(a) or (b) above the Secretary of State may require the governing body to pay to the former maintaining authority the whole or any part of the proceeds of disposal in any case where he does not impose any requirement under subsection (2) above.

(4) Subsection (2) above shall not apply where the occasion of any disposal of premises by the governing body is a transfer of the school to a new site in respect of which the Secretary of State has paid capital grant; and in relation to any disposal occasioned by such a transfer the reference in subsection (3) above to the proceeds of disposal shall be read as a reference to such part (if any) of those proceeds as remains after repayment of the amount of that capital grant in accordance with subsection (1) above.

(5) For the purposes of this section the Secretary of State is to be regarded as paying capital grant in respect of the transfer of a grant-maintained school to a new site if he pays such grant in respect of the acquisition of the new site or the provision on that site of the school buildings or of any other buildings forming part of the new school premises.

(6) For the purposes of this section--

(a) the governing body or trustees of a grant-maintained school are to be regarded as disposing of any premises if those premises are acquired from them, whether compulsorily or otherwise; and

(b) references to the proceeds of disposal are references, in relation to any disposal of premises by any such governing body or trustees, to the compensation or purchase money paid in respect of the acquisition from them of those premises.

(7) In subsection (6) above--

(a) references to the acquisition of premises from the governing body or the trustees of a grant-maintained school include, in the case of any premises held under a tenancy to which Part II of the [1954 c. 56.] Landlord and Tenant Act 1954 applies, the termination of that tenancy under that Part of that Act; and

(b) the reference to the purchase money paid in respect of such an acquisition includes a reference to any compensation paid by the landlord on the quitting of any such premises by the governing body or the trustees of the school (whether or not the compensation is required to be paid by section 37 of that Act).

In this subsection expressions to which a meaning is given for the purposes of that Act have the same meaning as in that Act.

102 Variation of trust deeds relating to grant-maintained schools, etc

(1) The Secretary of State may by order make such modifications of any trust deed or other instrument relating to any school as, after consultation with the governing body of the school and the trustees (if any), appear to him to be requisite--

(a) in consequence of the approval of proposals for acquisition of grant-maintained status for the school;

(b) for removing any inconsistency between the provisions of that trust deed or other instrument and any provisions included or proposed to be included in any instrument or articles of government made for the school under this Chapter which it appears to him to be expedient to remove in the interests of the school; or

(c) in consequence of any proposals with respect to a change in the character or an enlargement of the premises of the school which fall to be implemented under section 89 of this Act.

(2) Any modification made by an order under this section may be made to have permanent effect or to have effect for such period as may be specified in the order.

(3) Any provision of any instrument relating to any land held for the purposes of any voluntary school which--

(a) confers on any person an option to acquire an interest in that land; or

(b) provides (in whatever terms) for the determination or forfeiture of any such interest;

in the event of the school's ceasing to be a voluntary school or (as the case may be) ceasing to be maintained by a specified local education authority shall, if the school becomes a grant-maintained school, have effect as if the event referred to were the school's ceasing to be a school which is either a grant-maintained school or a voluntary school.

103 Publication of information and reports and returns by governing bodies of grant-maintained schools

(1) The governing body of every grant-maintained school shall publish, at such times and in such manner as may be required by regulations made by the Secretary of State, such information with respect to the school as may be so required.

(2) The governing body of every such school shall make such reports and returns, and give such information, to the Secretary of State as he may require.

(3) The governing body of every such school shall make such reports and returns, and give such information, to any local education authority by whom any functions are exercisable--

(a) in relation to the school; or

(b) in relation to registered pupils at the school;

as the authority may require for the purpose of the exercise of those functions.

104 Interpretation of Chapter IV

(1) In this Chapter--

(a) references to the proposed date of implementation are references--

(i) in relation to any school in respect of which proposals for acquisition of grant-maintained status are required to be published under section 62 of this Act, to the date specified in accordance with section 61(4)(f) of this Act in the information given for the purposes of the originating ballot to persons eligible to vote in that ballot (within the meaning of section 61); and

(ii) in relation to any school in respect of which such proposals are pending, to the date specified in the proposals as the proposed date of implementation;

(b) references, in relation to any school in respect of which such proposals have been approved, to the proposals are references to the proposals as approved, subject to any modifications of those proposals under section 68 of this Act;

(c) references to the character of a school are references to the kind of school it is determined by reference to any matter relating to--

(i) the provision of education at the school; or

(ii) the arrangements for admission of pupils to the school;

the alteration of which would amount to a change in the character of the school;

(d) references to a change in the character of a school include, in particular, changes in character resulting from education beginning or ceasing to be provided for pupils above or below a particular age, for boys as well as girls or for girls as well as boys, or from the making or alteration of arrangements for the admission of pupils by reference to ability or aptitude;

(e) references to a relevant age group are references to an age group in which pupils are or will normally be admitted to the school in question;

(f) references to a governor of an elected category are references to a person who is a parent or teacher governor within the meaning of the 1986 Act or this Chapter (as the context may require);

(g) references, in relation to a vacancy for a governor of an elected category on the existing governing body of a school in respect of which proposals are required to be or have been published under section 62 of this Act, to the procedure applicable under the 1986 Act in relation to filling the vacancy are references--

(i) except where any provision made by virtue of section 5 of that Act (appointment of parent governors by governing body) applies, to the holding of an election under that Act; and

(ii) where any such provision applies, to the making of an appointment in accordance with that provision;

(h) references to the authority responsible for election arrangements under the 1986 Act in relation to a school are references to the authority or body by whom all necessary arrangements for any election of parent governors or teacher governors to the governing body of the school fall to be made under section 15(2) of that Act (which imposes responsibility for those arrangements on the local education authority in relation to county, controlled and maintained special schools and on the governing body of the school concerned in relation to aided and special agreement schools);

(i) references, in relation to a grant-maintained school, to the former maintaining authority shall be read, in any case where--

(i) the school was maintained by ILEA immediately before it became a grant-maintained school; and

(ii) the functions formerly exercisable by ILEA in relation to, or in relation to registered pupils at, the school are by virtue of section 166(7) of this Act exercisable by an inner London council or any other local education authority;

as references to that council or authority; and

(j) references, in relation to such a school, to school property include, in the case of such property as is mentioned in section 94(7)(b)(iii) of this Act, references to any right to such property.

(2) In relation to any proposals for acquisition of grant-maintained status required to be published under section 62 of this Act in respect of any school, the reference in subsection (1)(a) above to the originating ballot is a reference--

(a) where subsection (1) of that section applies, to the ballot by reference to which it applies; and

(b) where the proposals are required to be published by virtue of a requirement imposed by the Secretary of State under subsection (4) or (12) of that section, to the last ballot held in accordance with section 61 of this Act in relation to the school before that requirement was imposed.

(3) In this Chapter--

"incorporation date" means, in relation to a grant-maintained school, the date on which the initial governing body of the school is incorporated under this Chapter; and
"premises" includes any interest in or easement, right or charge in, to or over premises.

(4) The following table shows provisions defining or otherwise explaining expressions used in this Chapter (other than provisions defining or explaining an expression used only in the same section)--

dissolution date	section 94(3)(b)
eligible governor of an elected category	section 71
first governor	section 53(8) or 64(5) (as the context may require)
former maintaining authority	section 74(8) and subsection (1)(i) above.
foundation governor	section 53(8) or 64(5) (as the context may require)
governing body and initial governing body of a grant-maintained school	section 53(11) and (12)
governing body in liquidation	section 94(3)(a)
grant-maintained school formerly conducted by a governing body in liquidation	section 94(7)(c)
grant regulations	section 79(2)
parent governor	section 53(8) or 64(5) (as the context may require)
proposals for acquisition of grant-maintained status	section 52(4)(a)
pending proposals for acquisition of grant-maintained status	section 68(2)
the relevant particulars	section 62(16)
section 105 loan liabilities	section 94(7)(a)
school property	section 94(7)(b) and subsection (1)(j) above
a school which is eligible for grant-maintained status	section 52(5) to (9)
teacher governor	section 53(8) or 64(5) (as the context may require)

(5) Any notification to the governing body of a school for the purposes of any provision of this Chapter may be given, and withdrawn, in such manner as the governing body may require.

(6) In subsection (1)(i) above, "ILEA" and "inner London council" have the same meanings as in Part III of this Act.

Chapter V Miscellaneous

City colleges

105 Agreements for establishment, etc., of city technology colleges and city colleges for the technology of the arts

(1) The Secretary of State may enter into an agreement with any person under which--

(a) that person undertakes to establish and maintain, and to carry on or provide for the carrying on of either--

(i) an independent school to be known as a city technology college; or

(ii) an independent school to be known as a city college for the technology of the arts;

and having (in each case) such characteristics as are specified in the agreement and in subsection (2) below; and

(b) the Secretary of State agrees to make payments to that person in consideration of those undertakings.

(2) The characteristics mentioned above are that the school--

(a) is situated in an urban area;

(b) provides education for pupils of different abilities who have attained the age of eleven years but not the age of nineteen years and who are wholly or mainly drawn from the area in which the school is situated; and

(i) in the case of a school to be known as a city technology college, on science and technology; or

(ii) in the case of a school to be known as a city college for the technology of the arts, on technology in its application to the performing and creative arts.

(3) An agreement under this section shall make any payments by the Secretary of State dependent on the fulfilment of--

(a) conditions and requirements imposed for the purpose of securing that no charge is made in respect of admission to the school or, subject to such exceptions as may be specified in the agreement, in respect of education provided at the school; and

(b) such other conditions and requirements with respect to the school as are specified in the agreement.

(4) Payments under an agreement under this section may be in respect of capital or current expenditure and, in so far as they relate to the latter, the agreement shall provide for their continuance (subject to the fulfilment of the conditions and requirements mentioned in subsection (3) above) for a period of not less than seven years or for an indefinite period terminable by the Secretary of State by not less than seven years written notice.

(5) Where such payments relate to capital expenditure, the agreement shall provide for the repayment to the Secretary of State, in the event at any time of the school discontinuing or ceasing to have the characteristics specified in the agreement and in subsection (2) above, of sums determined by reference to--

(a) the value at that time of the school premises and other assets held for the purposes of the school; and

(b) the extent to which expenditure incurred in providing those assets was met by payments under the agreement.

(6) Without prejudice to subsection (4) above an agreement under this section may provide for indemnifying a person, in the event of the agreement being terminated by the Secretary of State, for expenditure--

(a) incurred by that person in carrying out the undertakings mentioned in subsection (1) above; or

(b) incurred by that person (otherwise than by virtue of subsection (5) above) in consequence of the termination of the agreement.

Charges in maintained schools

106 Prohibition of charges, etc., in maintained schools

(1) No charge shall be made in respect of admission to any maintained school.

(2) Subject to subsection (3) below and section 107 of this Act, no charge shall be made in respect of the education provided for registered pupils at any such school during school hours.

(3) Subsection (2) above shall not apply in relation to--

(a) individual tuition in playing any musical instrument; or

(b) any education provided at a grant-maintained school in pursuance of arrangements made under section 57(5) of this Act.

(4) No charge shall be made in respect of education provided for a registered pupil at any maintained school where the education is education to which subsection (2) above does not apply if it is--

(a) required as part of any syllabus for a prescribed public examination which is a syllabus for which the pupil is being prepared at the school; or

(b) provided in pursuance of any of the duties imposed by section 10(1)(b) or (2)(a) of this Act;

but this subsection shall not apply in relation to education provided at a grant-maintained school in pursuance of arrangements made under section 57(5) of this Act.

(5) No charge shall be made in respect of the entry of a registered pupil at any maintained school for any prescribed public examination in any syllabus for that examination for which the pupil has been prepared at the school.

(6) Neither the parent of any such pupil nor the pupil himself shall be required to pay for or supply any materials, books, instruments or other equipment for use for the purposes of or in connection with--

(a) education provided for the pupil at the school in respect of which by virtue of this section no charge may be made; or

(b) any syllabus for a prescribed public examination which is a syllabus for which the pupil has been prepared at the school.

(7) No charge shall be made in respect of transport provided for a registered pupil at any such school where the transport is either--

(a) incidental to education provided for the pupil at the school in respect of which by virtue of this section no charge may be made; or

(b) provided for the purpose of enabling him to meet any examination requirement for any syllabus for a prescribed public examination which is a syllabus for which he has been prepared at the school.

(8) For the purposes of subsection (7)(a) above, transport is incidental to education provided for registered pupils at any such school if it is provided for the purpose of carrying such pupils--

(a) to or from any part of the school premises in which education is provided for those pupils, from or to any other part of those premises; or

(b) to or from any place outside the school premises in which education is provided for those pupils under arrangements made by or on behalf of the governing body or the local education authority, from or to the school premises or any other such place.

(9) Nothing in this section shall be read as prohibiting the making of a charge in respect of board and lodging provided for a registered pupil at any such school on a residential trip.

(10) In this Chapter "residential trip" means any trip--

(a) which is arranged for registered pupils at any maintained school by or on behalf of the governing body or the local education authority; and

(b) which requires the pupils taking part to spend one or more nights away from their usual overnight accommodation.

(11) For the purposes of this section, a pupil shall be regarded as having been prepared at a school for a syllabus for any prescribed public examination if any part of the education provided with a view to preparing him for that examination in that syllabus has been provided for him at that school.

107 Provision for cases where education is provided partly during and partly outside school hours

(1) Where a period allowed for any educational activity at a maintained school falls partly during school hours and partly outside school hours--

(a) if fifty per cent. or more of the time occupied by that period together with any connected school travelling time falls during school hours, so much of the education provided during that period as is provided outside school hours shall be treated for the purposes of section 106(2) of this Act as provided during school hours; and

(b) in any other case, so much of the education provided during that period as is provided during school hours shall be treated for those purposes as provided outside school hours.

(2) In this section "school travelling time" means time spent on travel during school hours; and for the purposes of subsection (1)(a) above, such time is connected school travelling time in relation to any educational activity if it is spent by the pupils taking part in the activity in getting to or from the place where the activity takes place.

(3) Where any education provided at a maintained school is provided on a residential trip--

(a) if the number of school sessions taken up by the trip is equal to or greater than fifty per cent. of the number of half days spent on the trip, any education provided on the trip which is provided outside school hours shall be treated for the purposes of section 106(2) of this Act as provided during school hours; and

(b) in any other case, any education provided on the trip which is provided during school hours shall be treated for those purposes as provided outside school hours.

(4) In this section a "half day" means any period of twelve hours ending with noon or midnight on any day.

(5) Where fifty per cent. or more of a half day is spent on a residential trip, the whole of that half day shall be treated for the purposes of subsection (3) above as spent on the trip.

(6) For the purposes of that subsection, a school session on any day on which such a session takes place at the school concerned shall be treated as taken up by a residential trip on which education is provided for registered pupils at the school if the time spent on the trip occupies fifty per cent. or more of the time allowed for that session at the school.

108 Recovery of wasted examination fees

(1) Notwithstanding section 106(5) of this Act, where--

(a) the governing body of any maintained school or the local education authority have paid or are liable to pay any fee in respect of the entry of a registered pupil at the school for a public examination in any syllabus for that examination; and

(b) the pupil fails without good reason to meet any examination requirement for that syllabus;

that body or authority may recover the amount of the fee from the pupil's parent.

(2) It shall be for the body or authority who have paid or are liable to pay the fee in question to determine for the purposes of this section any question whether a pupil who has failed to meet any such examination requirement had good reason for the failure.

109 Permitted charges

(1) Subject to subsection (2) below, a charge may be made in respect of--

(a) education or transport provided for a registered pupil at any maintained school other than education or transport in respect of which by virtue of section 106 of this Act or section 55(1) of the 1944 Act no charge may be made;

(b) the entry of any such pupil for a public examination in any syllabus for that examination otherwise than in circumstances in which by virtue of section 106(5) of this Act no charge may be made; and

(2) A charge may not be made--

(a) by virtue of subsection (1)(a) above in respect of the provision for a pupil of education or transport; or

(b) by virtue of subsection (1)(b) above in respect of the entry of a pupil for an examination in any syllabus for that examination;

unless the education or transport is provided or the pupil is entered for the examination in that syllabus by agreement with his parent; and any education, transport or examination entry in respect of which a charge may be made by virtue of either of those provisions is referred to below in this section as an "optional extra".

(3) The following provisions of this section apply in relation to any charge permitted under this section, other than a charge in respect of education provided at a grant-maintained school in pursuance of arrangements made under section 57(5) of this Act; and any charge to which those provisions apply is referred to in those provisions as a regulated charge.

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